Vaginal distention rodent model for fecal incontinence: a pilot study on the effect on defecation behavior

Objectives: Vaginal balloon inflation simulates the compressive forces on the pelvic floor during the second phase of natural delivery. The foremost use of this animal model of vaginal distention (VD) is to study the mechanisms underlying urinary incontinence. As damage to the pelvic floor during natural birth is a common cause of fecal incontinence, the present paper aimed to investigate the effect of VD on defecation behavior in adult rats. Methods: Vaginal distention was performed in 8 rats for 2 hours, and in 3 rats for 4 hours, and sham inflation was performed in 4 rats. With the use of a latrine box in the rat home-cage and 24/7 video tracking, the defecation behavior was examined. The time spent in and outside the latrine was monitored for two weeks preoperatively and three weeks postoperatively, and a defecation behavior index (DBI; range: 0 [continent] to 1 [incontinent]) was defined. Pelvic floor tissue was collected postmortem and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Vaginal balloon inflation for 2 hours resulted in fecal incontinence in 29% of the animals (responders) whereas the DBI scores of non-responders (71%) and control animals did not change in the postoperative phase compared with the baseline score. A 4-hour balloon inflation resulted in fecal incontinence in 1 animal and caused a humane endpoint in 2 animals with markedly more tissue damage in the 4-hour responder compared with the 2-hour responders. Conclusions: Vaginal balloon inflation, with an optimum duration between 2 and 4 hours, can be used as a model to study changes in defecation behavior in rats induced by pelvic floor damage. (AU)

Sangrado genital por cuerpo extraño en niñas prepuberales: a propósito de un caso / Genital bleeding caused by foreign body in prepubertal girls: a case report

El sangrado genital en niñas prepúberes es un signo poco frecuente y siempre requiere determinar su causa. Se necesitan una detallada anamnesis y examen físico, con el conocimiento adecuado de la anatomía uroginecológica, y, en muchos casos, estudios de imágenes y exámenes complementarios, para arribar al diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 7 años con sangrado genital, cuyo examen físico y estudios complementarios fueron poco concluyentes, y que requirió un procedimiento invasivo para su resolución. (AU)

Genital bleeding in prepubertal girls is a rare sign and always requires determining its cause. A detailed history and physical examination are needed, with adequate knowledge of urogynecological anatomy, and in many cases, imaging studies and complementary tests, to arrive at the diagnosis. We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with genital bleeding, whose physical examination and complementary studies were inconclusive, requiring an invasive procedure for its resolution. (AU)

Desgarro perineal con mucosa vaginal íntegra tras primera relación sexual / Perineal tear with intact vaginal mucosa after first sexual intercourse

RESUMEN Las lesiones del tracto genital femenino tras relaciones sexuales son un problema frecuente en las urgencias de ginecología, pero poco estudiado salvo su aspecto médico-legal. Su incidencia es desconocida ya que muchas mujeres no llegan a consultar por miedo o pudor. El reconocimiento precoz de estas lesiones y su correcto tratamiento puede evitar la parición de secuelas que acompañarán a nuestra paciente durante el resto de su vida. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 18 años con un desgarro perineal con mucosa vaginal íntegra tras su primera relación sexual.

ABSTRACT Injuries to the female genital tract after sexual intercourse are a frequent problem in gynecological emergencies, but little studied except for their medico-legal aspect. Its incidence is unknown since many women do not go to their specialist out of fear or embarrassment. Early recognition of these injuries and their correct treatment may prevent the appearance of sequelae that will accompany our patient for the rest of her life. We present the case of an 18-year-old patient with a perineal tear with intact vaginal mucosa after her first sexual intercourse.

Identifying probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from the vagina

Lactobacilli prevent overproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and contribute protecting vaginal microbiota. Many probiotic microorganisms are categorized as Lactic Acid Bacteria. In this study, it was aimed identifying probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from the vagina of a healthy woman. For this purpose, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and proteolytic activity quantities and auto-aggregation, co-aggregation and hydrophobicity abilities of Lactobacillus crispatus, which has been isolated and identified by 16s rRNA sequence analysis, were determined. Additionally, bile salt and acid resistance, along with antibiotic susceptibility of Lactobacillus crispatus were analyzed by the end of 3 hours. Lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and proteolytic activity quantities of Lactobacillus crispatus were measured 2.275%, 0.334±0.075 µg/mL and 2.131±0,000 mg/mL respectively. The findings include existence of co-aggregation and auto-aggregation ability, but not hydrophobicity. By the end of 3 hours, the viability was preserved in 0.1% and 0.3% bile salt medium and, at pH 3. L. crispatus exhibited resistance to methicillin, metronidazole, oxacillin, and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, but the bacteria exhibited susceptibility to tested the other antibiotics. This study will make an important contribution to the literature about probiotic characteristics of L. crispatus and our strain isolated from the vagina might be considered as a candidate probiotic.

Unusual vaginal bleeding due to a leech bite in a girl from a tropical area: a case report

Abstract This study describes the isolation of a leech following the presentation of unusual vaginal bleeding. Vaginal bleeding in children due to a leech bite is very rare. This is the first report of severe bleeding in a virgin 14-year-old girl from Mashhad, Iran due to the presence of a leech in the vagina.

Gut prolapse into the perineum in a case of sexual assault.

A six-year-old female victim of sexual assault, with grade IV perineal injury with massive intestinal prolapse out of the perineum, is reported to highlight the severity of injury during sexual assaults.

Vaginal foreign body causing recurrent discharge and vaginal stenosis--a case report.

Chronic vaginal discharge in children and adolescents is a common gynaecological complaint which is often resistant to antibiotic treatment. We present a 14 years old, premenarcheal girl who presented to us with the complaints of recurrent, foul smelling purulent occasionally blood stained vaginal discharge for eight years, where a foreign body in the upper vagina was found after releasing a dense adhesion of the lower vagina which was unable to detect by pelvic ultrasound.

Aspectos de imagem das lesões vulvo-vaginais / Imaging of the vagina and vulva

Na pratica ginecológica diária, a vulva e a vagina são examinadas durante inspeção visual, entretanto, há situações em que isso não é possível ou que se necessita determinar a extensão de umalesão através de métodos de imagem. A ressonância magnética é um método excelente e cada vez é mais indicado na avaliação de alterações da vulva e vagina, em virtude da sua capacidade deavaliação multiplanar e alto contraste tecidual, fornecendo informações que auxiliam o ginecologista. Outros métodos de imagem que podem ser indicados são a ultra-sonografia e a tomografia computadorizada da pelve. Este trabalho pretende, de forma sintética, analisar as principais alterações vulvo-vaginais que podem ser identificadas e diagnosticadas pelo radiologista.

In gynecological daily practices, the vulva and vagina are examined during physical examination, however there are situations where this is not possible or it is needed to determine the extension of an injury through imaging methods. The magnetic resonanceimaging is an excellent cross-sectional modality for evaluation the alterations of vulva and vagina due its multiplanar evaluation and high tecidual contrast. Other cross-sectional modalities are ultrasound and enhanced computed tomography. This paper intends togive an overview of vaginal and vulvar pathology that can be identifiedby the radiologist.

¿La episiotomía debe ser un procedimiento de rutina? / ¿The Episiotomy have to a rutine procedure?

Introducción: La episiotomía como procedimiento obstétrico tuvo sus inicios en el siglo XVIII y desde 1920 hasta hoy es usada como procedimiento de rutina en primigestantes. Objetivo: Identificar algunas complicaciones obstétricas en mujeres nulíparas después de practicar o no la episiotomía mediolateral.Metodología: El trabajo se realizó en el Hospital Carlos Holmes Trujillo en el suroriente de Cali. Se utilizó un diseño experimental con selección aleatoria de dos grupos de gestantes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 34 pacientes para el grupo control (quienes recibieron el manejo rutinario de realizar episiotomía) y 30 pacientes para el grupo experimental (a quienes no se les realizó episiotomía de rutina). Resultados y discusión: La percepción dolorosa fue más intensa en el grupo control con diferencias estadísticamente significativas; el nivel del dolor se calificó con la escala visual análoga . En ninguno de los grupos se presentaron desgarros severos; sin embargo, se presentaron desgarros grado I y II en el grupo experimental ocurridos en su mayoría en los partos atendidos por el personal menos experimentado. Las molestias asociadas con la episiotomía valorada a los 10 días postparto fueron hasta cuatro veces mayores mayores en el grupo control sobre el grupo experimental, sobre todo dificultad para sentarse y temor para reiniciar la actividad sexual, circunstancias que pueden afectar el proceso de cicatrización y la relación de pareja. Al evaluar la presencia de dispareunia en ambos grupos a los 60 días postparto se observó en el grupo control molestias como ardor, dolor y sangrado con el inicio de la actividad sexual; en el grupo experimental el inicio de la actividad sexual fue más precoz (15 días postparto). La fortaleza del presente estudio radica precisamente en estos aspectos relativos a la experiencia de la mujer a quien se le realizó episiorrafia; es de vital importancia conocer la forma de realización del procedimiento y cómo afecta su vida después del egreso hospitalario. Conclusiones: Existe un grupo de pacientes que se benefician en forma importante de la episiotomía, motivo por el cual no se puede abolir completamente este procedimiento; pero la literatura y el presente estudio coinciden en sugerir que cuando se usa de manera selectiva con inminencia de desgarro o compromiso de la vitalidad fetal produce mayores beneficios a la gestante

Mionecrosis retroperitoneal post-traumática / Retroperitoneal myonecrosis post-traumatic

La fractura pélvica, es una lesión que se observa con frecuencia en el paciente politraumatizado. Entre las complicaciones de las fracturas pélvicas que revisten mayor gravedad se encuentran la hemorragia y la sepsis, esta última se presenta asociada a lesión de viscera hueca intrapélvica. Se ha descrito el compromiso de vejiga y utero como los órganos más frecuentemente afectados, seguidos por recto y uréter. La lesión de otros órganos perineales asociada a fractura de pelvis es sumamente rara. En este estudio se discute un singular caso de lesión alta de vagina como consecuencia de una fractura pélvica compuesta con infección necrotizante del espacio retroperitoneal, que se supone tomó esta vía puerta de entrada. La debridación quirúrgica mediante laparotomías seriadas y la antibioticoterapia empírica con cobertura contar gérmenes anaerobios y gram negativos, fueron las bases del tratamiento, concordando con las pautas actualmente aceptadas, las cuales se traen a discusión

Anovaginal fistula following caginalm tear due to episiotomy

This is the case report of a third degree perineal tear which occurred due to episiotomy resulting in anovaginal fistula and incontinence. Repair of the tear and fistula carried out and a protective colostomy made with satisfactory outcome

Hurudiniasis interna: sangrado vaginal por mordedura de sanguijuela / Internal hirudiniasis: Vaginal bleeding by leech bite

Una mujer postmenopáusica acudió por sangrado genital persistente de siete días de evolución, de aparición repentina después del baño en un río de su comunidad. Sin ataque a su estado general. El examen ginecológico determinó el origen del sangrado activo, provocado por mordedura de sanguijuela acuática en la pared vaginal; el gusano se retiró con una pinza quirúrgica sin complicaciones, Describimos las características clínicas y patogénicas de un ataque parasitario poco común

Obstetrical injuries a study at Jinnah postgraduate medical center, Karachi

Seventy one cases of obstetrical injuries, seen during a period of 1 1/2 years, were analysed. Twenty three [32.4%] cases had rupture of uterus, 16 [2.5%] developed vesico-vaginal fistulae following prolonged and obstructed labour. In 13 [18.4%] cases, vulvo-vaginal haematoma was seen. Four [5.6%] patients had recto-vaginal fistulae and 7 [9.9%] suffered from 3rd degree perineal tear. 1.4% i.e. one case came with inversion of uterus

Operaçåo a fórcipe: repercussöes maternas imediatas / Forceps delivery: immediate maternal morbidity

Dos 1.595 partos a fórcipe, de aplicaçåo baixa e médio-baixa e média, ocorridos na Maternidade do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre maio de 1968 e abril de 1991, selecionaram-se 1.040 casos com o objetivo de avaliar as repercusöes maternas imediatas. Estas pacientes nåo apresentaram antecedentes de partos vaginais e de intercorrências clínicas ou obstétricas. O grupo de controle foi constitutído por igual número de partos espontâneos, ocorridos no mesmo período. O grupo de estudo apresentou maior número de lesöes do canal do parto em relaçåo ao grupo de controle (19,04 e 5,77 por cento, respectivamente), sendo, no entanto, de pouca gravidade e de fácil reparo. Nåo houve diferença no número de intercorrências puerperais, duraçåo da internaçåo e sangramento durante o parto. Conclui-se que as complicaçöes imediatas do fórcipe se restringem às laceraçöes do trajeto mole do canal do parto, relacionadas principalmente ás aplicaçöes médio-baixas e médias